Guía de identificación de víctimas de catástrofes

El primer Manual de Interpol de Identificación de Víctimas de Catástrofes fue publicado en 1984, como fruto de dos años de trabajos del Comité Permanente para la Identificación de Víctimas de Catástrofes de Interpol, que creó un grupo de trabajo especial sobre el tema. Desde aquella fecha muchas catástrofes se han producido en el mundo entero y la Comisión Permanente ha recomendado que se reexaminara el contenido del Manual a fin de tener en cuenta la experiencia que se ha adquirido y las novedades que han surgido en las técnicas de identificación. El Manual se ha revisado y corregido en consecuencia, desembocando en la publicación de la presente Guía de Identificación de Víctimas de Catástrofes, que se distribuye ahora a todos los países miembros de la Organización. Se confía en que aumentará la eficacia de los procedimientos de actuación en los casos de catástrofe en general, y en particular de los de identificación. Está concebido para fomentar la compatibilidad entre los procedimientos utilizados en los distintos países, punto esencial en estos días en que cada vez se viaja más por todo el mundo. Las recomendaciones de esta guía no pueden cubrir todas las posibilidades, pero proporcionan un firme asesoramiento práctico sobre el tema fundamental de la identificación de las víctimas, insistiendo en la importancia de la planificación previa y de la formación. Semejante preparación, junto con la conciencia de las muchas necesidades y dificultades a las que pueden tener que enfrentarse los servicios de la policía, han de contribuir sin duda al éxito de las operaciones, lo que beneficiará a todos los afectados, incluidas las propias víctimas, sus familiares y los diversos organismos que colaboran con la policía cuando se producen las catástrofes.

http://www.interpol.int/Public/DisasterVictim/guide/guideES.pdf

Victimización en la perspectiva internacional

Traducción al español, con la autorización de los autores: Instituto Ciudadano de Estudios sobre la Inseguridad (ICESI), México.

Este reporte presenta los principales resultados de las encuestas que fueron realizades como parte del quinto levantamiento de la Encuesta Internacional sobre Criminalidad y Victimización (ENICRIV). Una gran parte de los datos provienen de la Encuesta Europea sobre Criminalidad y Seguridad (ENECRIS), organizada por un consorcio dirigido por Gallup Europa, y cofinanciado por la Comisión Europea, DGRTD (por sus siglas en inglés). Siempre que resulta posible, se muestra la comparación de los resultados de 2004 con los de encuestas anteriores que se han realizado desde 1989. Este reporte presenta datos de 30 países y cubre la mayor parte del mundo industiralizado. También incluye datos de 33 ciudades capitales o principales de países desarrollados y en vías de desarrollo. En conjunto se tienen datos de 38 países diferentes.

http://english.wodc.nl/onderzoeksdatabase/ob257a-victimizacion-en-la-perspectiva-internacional.aspx?cp=45&cs=6796

2006-07 British Crime Survey (England and Wales) Technical Report Volume I

The British Crime Survey (BCS) is an important source of information about levels of crime and public attitudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues. The results play an important role in informing Government policy.The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales (the first survey covered Scotland as well, but now Scotland and Northern Ireland carry out their own crime surveys) by asking people about crimes they have experienced in the last year. The BCS includes crimes which are not reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records. The survey collects information about:
- The victims of crime
- The circumstances in which incidents occur
- The behaviour of offenders in committing crimes

In this way, the survey provides information to inform crime reduction measures and to gauge their effectiveness.The BCS is also an important source of information about other topics, such as people’s perceptions of anti-social behaviour and attitudes towards the criminal justice system, including the police and the courts. The survey also looks at people’s attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they take to avoid it.

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs07/bcs0607tech1.pdf

The Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS)

The Commercial Victimisation Survey (CVS) is a source of information on crime against small and medium-sized retail and manufacturing premises in England and Wales. The CVS was first conducted in 1994 with the second being conducted in 2002 (with some small methodological modifications). The scope and methodology of the CVS is currently being reviewed with a view to potentially running a new survey in the future.The CVS includes crimes which are not reported to the police and so is an important alternative to police records. It helps to identify those most at risk of different types of crime, which helps in the planning of crime prevention programmes. The survey also provides an important measure of concern about, and perceptions of, crime and anti-social behaviour and their effects on businesses, as well as levels of reporting to the police and crime prevention. The findings from the CVS complement those of the British Crime Survey, police recorded crime figures and the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey. Taken together, these sources provide a better picture of crime in England and Wales.
The police recorded crime statistics do not have a specific category of ‘business crime’. The offences included in the series are those as defined by statute. Examples of offences which could be deemed to be ‘business crimes’ are robbery of business property and fraud by a company director.

http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/business-crime.html

Offending, Crime and Justice survey

The Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) is a nationally representative, longitudinal, self-report survey which asks young people in England and Wales about their attitudes towards and experiences of offending. Its main aim is to examine the extent of offending, anti-social behaviour and drug use among the household population, particularly among young people aged from 10 to 25. However, as a random survey of the general population, the OCJS will pick up relatively few ‘serious’ offenders.
The survey covers ‘mainstream’ offences against households, individuals and businesses such as burglary, shoplifting and assault. It also covers fraud and technology offences. The survey has completed four annual sweeps (2003, 2004, 2005 and 2006). The survey gathers evidence to help us target resources effectively at reducing levels of crime and illegal drug use.
It provides:
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measures of self-reported offending;
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indicators of repeat offending;
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trends in the prevalence of offending;
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trends in the prevalence and frequency of drug and alcohol use;
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evidence on the links between offending and drug / alcohol use;
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evidence on the risk factors related to offending and drug use
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information on the nature of offences committed, such as the role of co-offenders and the relationship between perpetrators and victims.
The first sweep of the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey in 2003 covered around 12,000 people aged from ten to 65 living in private households in England and Wales. Subsequent annual sweeps between 2004 and 2006 focused on young people aged from 10 to 25. In each of these subsequent sweeps young people who have previously been interviewed and have agreed to further contact are followed up for re-interview. In addition to these ‘panel’ respondents, ‘fresh sample’ respondents aged from 10 to 25 are also introduced to ensure the total sample is around 5,000 young people each year. Longitudinal data (information from the same individuals over time) allows us to examine the pathways into and out of delinquency, and the impact various risk and protective factors have on these pathways.About the interview The interview lasts for approximately one hour using Computer-Assisted Personal Interviewing (CAPI – where the interviewer reads the questions from a laptop and enters the respondent’s answers) and Computer-Assisted Self-Interviewing (CASI – where the respondent reads the questions themselves on a laptop and enters their own answers). Audio-CASI (where the respondent listens to the questions on headphones and enters their own answer, unaided by the interviewer) is used for the most sensitive modules. Analysis at local levels is not possible due to small sample sizes.


http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/offending_survey.html

Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey

Overview of key data sources: Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey
Organisation Responsible: Scottish Executive (SE).
Background and purpose: The Scottish Crime and Victimisation Survey (SCVS), previously known as the Scottish Crime Survey (SCS), is a household survey of people's experiences and perceptions of crime. The main aims of the SCVS are to:
provide an alternative and complementary measure of crime to the police recorded crime statistics,
examine trends in the level and nature of crime over time,
assess victimisation rates and varying crime risks,
collect information about people's experiences of, and attitudes towards a range of crime-related issues (e.g. concern about crime, attitudes to the police, drug misuse, domestic violence).
The SE is currently undertaking a review of the design of the SCVS. This process is not yet complete, but its conclusions will be implemented in the 2007/08 survey. It is likely that the survey will move to a core and modular questionnaire design with face-to-face method of administration. The sample size is also likely to be larger than the previous face-to-face surveys.
Survey years / frequency: To date, six crime surveys have been undertaken in Scotland. In 1982 and 1988 the Crime Survey in Scotland formed part of the British Crime Survey. The SCS was undertaken in 1993, 1996, 2000, 2003 and 2004. The 2006 survey will be the last in its current format.
Survey content: Topics covered by the survey include public perceptions of crime, other forms of victimisation, satisfaction with the police and knowledge and use of controlled drugs and solvents.
Target population: Adults aged 16 and over resident in a private household in Scotland.
Sample size: Random sample of approximately 5,000 adults aged 16 and over selected from the small users Postal Address File.
Response rate: The adjusted response rate (based on all eligible addresses) for the 2004 survey was 67%.
Method of data collection: Face-to-face interview.
Smallest geographical unit reported: To date the SCVS has reported at national level only. There may be scope to report at a lower geography (perhaps annually for some variables and over 2 years for the remainder) within the proposed 2007/08 SCVS, but this is unconfirmed as yet.
Availability of results and further information: Results from the 2003 survey are available from the SE website (results from the 2004 survey are still to be published). The survey data are available from the UK Data Archive and the Economic and Social Data Service. For further information about the survey, email the SE at scvs@scotland.gsi.gov.uk.


http://www.scotpho.org.uk/home/resources/OverviewofKeyDataSources/Surveys/cross_sectional/surveys_scvs.asp

Northern Ireland Crime Survey

Experience of Crime: Findings from the Northern Ireland Crime Survey2006/07


http://www.nio.gov.uk/07_northern_ireland_crime_survey-2.pdf

The British Crime Survey (BCS)

The British Crime Survey (BCS) is an important source of information about levels of crime and public attitudes to crime as well as other criminal justice issues. The results play an important role in informing Government policy.The BCS measures the amount of crime in England and Wales (the first survey covered Scotland as well, but now Scotland and Northern Ireland carry out their own crime surveys) by asking people about crimes they have experienced in the last year. The BCS includes crimes which are not reported to the police, so it is an important alternative to police records. The survey collects information about:
the victims of crime
the circumstances in which incidents occur
the behaviour of offenders in committing crimes
In this way, the survey provides information to inform crime reduction measures and to gauge their effectiveness.The BCS is also an important source of information about other topics, such as people’s perceptions of anti-social behaviour and attitudes towards the criminal justice system, including the police and the courts. The survey also looks at people’s attitudes to crime, such as how much they fear crime and what measures they take to avoid it.

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)

The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) series, previously called the National Crime Survey (NCS), has been collecting data on personal and household victimization since 1973. An ongoing survey of a nationally representative sample of residential addresses, the NCVS is the primary source of information on the characteristics of criminal victimization and on the number and types of crimes not reported to law enforcement authorities. It provides the largest national forum for victims to describe the impact of crime and characteristics of violent offenders. Twice each year, data are obtained from a nationally representative sample of roughly 49,000 households comprising about 100,000 persons on the frequency, characteristics, and consequences of criminal victimization in the United States. The survey is administered by the U.S. Census Bureau (under the U.S. Department of Commerce) on behalf of the Bureau of Justice Statistics (under the U.S. Department of Justice).The NCVS was designed with four primary objectives: (1) to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, (2) to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to the police, (3) to provide uniform measures of selected types of crimes, and (4) to permit comparisons over time and types of areas. The survey categorizes crimes as "personal" or "property." Personal crimes cover rape and sexual attack, robbery, aggravated and simple assault, and purse-snatching/pocket-picking, while property crimes cover burglary, theft, motor vehicle theft, and vandalism. The data from the NCVS survey are particularly useful for calculating crime rates, both aggregated and disaggregated, and for determining changes in crime rates from year to year.
The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS) series was designed to achieve three primary objectives: to develop detailed information about the victims and consequences of crime, to estimate the number and types of crimes not reported to police, and to provide uniform measures of selected types of crime.
All persons in the United States 12 years of age and older were interviewed in each household sampled. Each respondent was asked a series of screen questions to determine if he or she was victimized during the six-month period preceding the first day of the month of the interview. Screen questions cover the following types of crimes, including attempts: rape, robbery, assault, burglary, larceny, and motor vehicle theft.
The data include type of crime; severity of the crime; injuries or losses; time and place of occurrence; medical expenses incurred; number, age, race, and sex of offender(s); and relationship of offender(s) to the victim (stranger, casual acquaintance, relative, etc.). Demographic information on household members includes age, sex, race, education, employment, median family income, marital status, and military history. A stratified multistage cluster sample technique was employed, with the person-level files consisting of a full sample of victims and a 10 percent sample of nonvictims for up to four incidents.
The NCVS data are organized by collection quarter, and six quarters comprise an annual file. For example, for a 1979 file, the four quarters of 1979 are included as well as the first two quarters of 1980.
Years Produced: Updated annually

THE 2004/05 INTERNATIONAL CRIME VICTIMS SURVEY

DOWNLOAD DATABASES

The International Crime Victim Survey (ICVS) is a programme of standardised sample surveys to look a householders’ experience with crime, policing, crime prevention and feelings of unsafety in a large number of countries.

http://rechten.uvt.nl/icvs/Download%20datafiles.htm

The European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS)

The European Crime and Safety Survey (EU ICS) is a tool for measuring the volume and nature of crime in Europe. In order to achieve an accurate picture of crime in the EU, survey-based comparative measurement of a large sample of the European public is required, in order to:a) build a sound knowledge base of European crime trends, and b) provide tools for evidence-based policy research related to the basic security of European citizens The EU ICS consortium combines leading European research centres with a proven track record of data collection and analysis. Each consortium member has been working on previous projects collecting, analysing and evaluating policy options based on comparative surveys of crime.
The project follows on from the International Crime Victims Surveys (ICVSs) which all members of the consortium have previously participated in, and developed a new instrument, the European Crime and Safety Survey. The latter addresses new needs for European comparative data for policy-makers.
The EU ICS provides a platform for a global standardised instrument. The combined forces of the consortium members allow the project to go beyond the initial phase of looking at the 18 member states (EU-15 plus Estonia, Poland and Hungary) by exploring additional resources that allow for the inclusion of further Member States and additional countries in the future. New countries with comparative measurements include the United States, Bulgaria, Croatia, and Turkey. The EU ICS supports an enrichment of the policy analysis by allowing for global comparisons.
Finally, in addition to solving basic measurement issues and providing stakeholders with up-to-date information, the EU ICS provides current data on the changing concerns about safety and security of the European public. To enhance the dissemination efforts, the data and analyses are available to the press, the general public in form of reports and press materials as well as analytical datasets for the wider research community through various web-based tools.

Full Report: http://www.europeansafetyobservatory.eu/downloads/EUICS_The%20Burden%20of%20Crime%20in%20the%20EU.pdf

http://www.europeansafetyobservatory.eu/doc/EUICS%20policy%20implications.pdf


Methodology of the European
Crime and Safety Survey: http://www.europeansafetyobservatory.eu/downloads/WP_methodology.pdf